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A
field review of the Macquarie Island elephant seal hot iron
branding program: December 2000
A report prepared for the Antarctic Animal Ethics Committee
by the Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land
Management.
http://www.antdiv.gov.au/science/antarcticresearch/biology/elephantseal/vet%5Freport/default.asp
Action
Plan for Australian Seals
Reviews the conservation status of the southern elephant seal
(and other seals), summarises the current knowledge on their
biology, abundance and distribution, identifies the threats
and recommends research and management actions required for
their conservation.
http://www.biodiversity.environment.gov.au/threaten/plans/action/aus_seals/ausseals.pdf
Alfred
Wegner Institute: Foraging Migrations of Southern Elephant
Seals
Presents migratory routes of seals of in conjunction with
data on sea ice extent and variation, includes photo gallery,
maps and animations.
http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/ECOLOGY/SealAnimation/seal_animation-e.html
Animations
of Southern Elephant Seal Weaner Movement
Animations of southern elephant seal weaner movements from
Macquarie Island in relation to sea surface temperatures and
ice concentrations.
http://www.smru.st-and.ac.uk/mmc99.html
Antarctic
History: The Seal Hunters
Gives a history of Antarctic seal hunters.
http://www.antarcticaonline.com/antarctica/history/history.htm#Anchor_sealhunters
Antarctic
Lifeforms: Southern Elephant Seals
A brief description of southern elephant seals, their characteristics
and range.
http://polarmistexp.com/polarmist_web/antarctica/seal_elephant.html
Antarctic
seals, whales and dolphins of the early twentieth century:
Marine mammals of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition
1911-14,
and the British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research
Expedition 1929-31
Account of early twentieth century expeditions including descriptions
of southern elephant seals and sealing practices.
http://www.antdiv.gov.au/Publications/pdfs/AR142_Shaugnessy.pdf
Antarctic
Wildlife Research Unit
Lists brief descriptions of elephant seal research projects,
with maps and photos.
http://www.zoo.utas.edu.au/awru/research800.htm
Australian
Antarctic Division response to the recommendations of the
Report "A field review of the Macquarie
Island elephant seal hot iron branding program: December 2000"
The response of the Australian Antarctic Division to recommendations
made in the elephant seal hot iron branding report.
http://www.antdiv.gov.au/science/antarcticresearch/biology/elephantseal/vet%5Freport/response.asp
Conservation
of Seals
Explains the 1972 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic
Seals (see below), and discusses the possibilities for future
exploitation.
http://polarmet.mps.ohio-state.edu/ASPIRE_99/seals/econ/cons.htm
Convention
for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals
A 1972 agreement to set aside a protected area for southern
elephant seals and other seals.
http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/AboutAntarctica/Treaty/Seals.html
Distribution
and Migrations
Covers non-breeding and breeding distribution of all antarctic
seals, including elephant seals.
http://polarmet.mps.ohio-state.edu/ASPIRE_99/seals/science/dismig.htm
Ecology
and Evolution: Adaptations
Covers seals' temperature regulation, locomotion and aquatic
propulsion, breathing and diving, adaptations for living in
salt water, fasting, and sensory adaptations.
http://polarmet.mps.ohio-state.edu/ASPIRE_99/seals/science/evtxt.htm
Elephant
Seals of the Falklands
A comprehensive site on southern elephant seal behavioral
ecology.
http://web.tiscalinet.it/esrg/
Environmental
Network News article: Patagonian elephant seal demise foreseen
Story from 1999 about declining southern elephant seal populations.
http://cgi.cnn.com/NATURE/9903/23/seals.enn/
Evolution,
Classification, and Distribution of Pinnipeds
Covers the controversial paths of pinniped evolution, including
taxonomic classification and distribution.
http://polarmet.mps.ohio-state.edu/ASPIRE_99/seals/science/evxt.htm
Feeding
Ecology: Amounts of Food Consumed
Gives estimates of elephant seal annual feeding duration and
average daily food intake.
http://polarmet.mps.ohio-state.edu/ASPIRE_99/seals/science/amtfo.htm
Feeding
Ecology: Diet and Food Resources
Includes a good deal of dietary information on all antarctic
seals; also includes both northern and southern elephant seal
information, especially on the topic of foraging dives.
http://polarmet.mps.ohio-state.edu/ASPIRE_99/seals/science/diet.htm
Feeding
Ecology: Feeding and Diving Behavior
A short piece about all antarctic seal feeding and diving
behaviour, postulating reasons why it is thought that elephant
seals dive and feed at great depths.
http://polarmet.mps.ohio-state.edu/ASPIRE_99/seals/science/divbah.htm
Human
Impacts: Sealing
A brief history of antarctic region sealing, from James Cook's
expedition to present day.
http://polarmet.mps.ohio-state.edu/ASPIRE_99/seals/econ/sepab.htm
Human
Impacts: Tourism
A brief history of antarctic tourism, including guidelines
used to protect elephant seals.
http://polarmet.mps.ohio-state.edu/ASPIRE_99/seals/econ/toutxt.htm
Journal
of Experimental Biology paper: Diurnal and seasonal variations
in the duration and depth of the longest dives in southern
elephant seals: (Mirounga leonina): possible physiological
and behavioural constraints
This study seeks to understand how the physiological constraints
of diving may change on a daily and seasonal basis.
http://www.biologists.com/JEB/204/04/jeb3323.html
Killer
Whales (Orcinus orca) of Patagonia and their Behavior
of Intentional Stranding While Hunting
Nearshore
Paper describing killer whales hunting southern elephant seals
and sea lions at Punta Norte, Península Valdes, Chubut, República
Argentina.
http://www.fundorca.org/tesisf.htm
History
of Macquarie Island
Brief history of the island, mentions the sealing years and
has a picture of an old sealer's vise.
http://www.antdiv.gov.au/stations/macca/macca_station.html
Movements
and Foraging of Southern Elephant Seals
Results of studies on southern elephant seal movement and
foraging behaviors. Includes figures tracking seals over the
sub-sea topography.
http://smub.st-and.ac.uk/ele.htm
Movements
of Naive Southern Elephant Seal Pups
Describes the movement and foraging behavior of newly-weaned
pups. Includes a link to a page describing satellite-linked
telemetry devices and other tracking devices.
http://smub.st-and.ac.uk/ch3_1.html
Polar
Biology paper: Mass of weaned elephant seal pups in areas
of high and low human presence
Examines pup weaning mass in relation to human presence on
Macquarie Island.
http://www.zoo.utas.edu.au/awru/pdfpapers/Engelhard%20et%20al.%202001-Pol%20Biol.pdf
Procedures,
Protocols and Notes for Elephant Seal Research on Macquarie
Island
Detailed list of background information, procedural protocol
and informative notes for southern elephant seal researchers
at Macquarie Island.
http://www.zoo.utas.edu.au/awru/resources/elephant%20seal%20protocol.pdf
Punta
Norte Wildlife
Punta Norte está ubicada en el extremo noroeste de la Península
Valdés en Patagonia, Argentina. En una época, esta reserva
fué creada para la protección de los elefantes marinos.
http://www.zonotrikia.com.ar/patagonia/geography/puntanortee.htm#Fauna
Recent
Advances in Methods
Describes development and deployment of a range of sea mammal
radio telemetry tracking devices, and a system to display
and explore the resulting complex and diverse data, developed
by the Sea Mammal Research Unit of the University of St. Andrews
in Scotland.
http://smub.st-and.ac.uk/ch5.html
Research
on Marine Mammal Diets
An interesting page explaining why and how people study the
diets of marine mammals.
http://www.abdn.ac.uk/~nhi104/seals/why.htm
Science
in Antarctica: Elephant Seals on Macquarie Island
Describes a 10-year Australian effort to document population
changes and other southern elephant seal behaviors on Macquarie
Island.
http://www.antdiv.gov.au/science/AntarcticResearch/Biology/ElephantSeals.asp
Seal
Conservation Society: Southern Elephant Seals
Description of the southern elephant seal, lifestyle, status
and statistics.
http://www.greenchannel.com/tec/species/selephnt.htm
Science
and Stewardship in Antarctica: Human Exploration, Research
and Resources
Briefly discusses sealing in Antarctica.
http://books.nap.edu/books/0309049474/html/25.html#pagetop
Social
Organization and Reproductive Behavior: Land-breeding Species
A comparison of fur seal and elephant seal breeding behavior.
http://polarmet.mps.ohio-state.edu/ASPIRE_99/seals/science/srglnd.htm
Species
Composition: Southern Elephant Seal, Mirounga leonina
Description of the southern elephant seal, as well as distribution,
history of exploitation, natural history and conservation
status.
http://polarmet.mps.ohio-state.edu/ASPIRE_99/seals/science/eleph.htm
Southern
Elephant Seal
Marine mammal researcher J.D. van der Toorn's elephant seal
page, covering a broad variety of information.
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/jaap/elepseal.htm#southern
Southern
Elephant Seals
Description of the southern elephant seal, including its taxonomy,
distribution and status.
http://www.pagophilus.org/selephant.html
Southern
Elephant Seal Maternal Investment
Discusses female/pup size, and weight loss/gain during lactation,
as well as possible advantages and disadvantages.
http://smub.st-and.ac.uk/ch2_4.html
The
effect of spatial and temporal variation in marine productivity
on energy acquisition in southern elephant seals, Mirounga
leonina
Description of an ongoing scientific study to quantify the
links between the foraging performance of southern elephant
seals and a range of oceanographic parameters, including sea
surface temperature, productivity and bathymetry.
http://cs-db.aad.gov.au/proms/asac/report_project_public.cfm?project_no=1171
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